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As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650o and 800o Celsius (1202o and 1472o Fahrenheit). D. gabbro Typical felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite (Figure 3.3.5). National Geographic News: Yellowstone Has Bulged as Magma Pocket Swells, Tulane University: Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions, National Science Foundation: Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought, San Diego State University: How Volcanoes Work. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. C) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? D. plate tectonics, Match the appropriate term associated with the production of magma to its best description. D) Both a. and c. Granite: Granite is the intrusive equivalent of rhyolite but has a coarser texture. As long as there is silica remaining and the rate of cooling is slow, this process continues down the discontinuous branch: olivine to pyroxene, pyroxene to amphibole, and (under the right conditions) amphibole to biotite. Want to create or adapt OER like this? Thick, viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcanos magma chamber. Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. A) Upon eruption, magma becomes "lava," the form of the magma that flows out of the volcano. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. What would happen if you replaced the ">=" operator in the test with ">" so that it reads The other is how fast the magma cools. Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. magma a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gasses and crystals lava magma that reaches the Earth's surface magma differentiation The process of generating more than one rock type from a single magma glassy texture no mineral grains. A) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz), whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in Fe and Mg. Exercise 3.3 Determining rock types based on magma composition, The proportions of the main chemical components of felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas are listed in the table below. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Mafic describes a kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content; hence the word 'mafic' which is a combination of the words magnesium and ferric . Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. C) the magma comes in contact with water and freezes. B) glassy Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. D) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of the same composition, but different texture. The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. 20/3 Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers. Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. Basalt is one of the most common rocks in Earths crust as well as the volcanic islands created by hot spots. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a pluton. B) the rock's likely parent magma composition Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. D) considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. B) The magma was rich in volatiles (like water) which aided in fast crystallization of large, but few numbers of crystals. light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? Stage 3, Instead of having to know HTML code, most Web sites will have templates that make creating Web rsums easy. Condie) 11, 1144 (Elsevier, 1994). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. B) the magma stays the same temperature, causing ions to slow down and form crystals, mostly Si-O tetrahedra These trapped bubbles can cause explosive and destructive eruptions. G. high silica, low iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. Intrusive rocks, forming underground with larger, stronger crystals, are more likely to last. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. A) andesite This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. 1. andesite This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. Mafic magmas have 45% to 55% SiO2, about 25% total of FeO and MgO plus CaO, and about 5% Na2O + K2O. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. = 15 ? D) solid + crystal. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material. B. heat expansion of the ions breaks apart the crystalline solid Decompression melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates separate. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. This page titled 5.1: Classification of Igneous Rocks is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher (OpenGeology) . When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. C) Pressure of the environment - higher P = slower magma cooling. A single magma may generate several mineralogically different igneous rocks. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. F) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - more gases = slower magma cooling. This process is known as fractional crystallization. (The values are similar to those shown in Figure 3.3.4.). An eruption reduces the pressure inside the magma chamber. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. For example, it is not known what happens to the pre-existing country rock as the diapir intrudes. D) phaneritic, __________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South The environment in which an igneous rock solidified (extrusive, intrusive or otherwise) can be inferred best by which of the following? C) pressure Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. This continues down the chain, as long as there is still silica left in the liquid. d. True B. C. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that block light from passing through them so that rocks may be studied using a magnifying lens. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. 2. rhyolite D. Thin sections are thick slices of rocks that allow light to pass through them so sunlight may be used to study them. B. Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). Stage 2 This one is an alkali basalt fragment, with brown hornblende and colorless plagioclase. There are three different types of . 1 minute Magma compositions vary, but will have eight main elements in different proportions. 4. glassy. If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. C. assimilation = 15 * 3/20 A. chemical bonds melt This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. As it falls to Earth, tephra includes rocks such as pumice. For example, it is not known what happens to the pre-existing country rock as the diapir intrudes. Solid rock can be changed into a new rock by stresses that cause an increase in heat and pressure. It erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earths surface as lava. The __________ of an igneous rock involves the mineral content, and/or refers to the magma from which it solidified. D) Temperature of the environment - higher T = slower magma cooling. Figure 3.15 Porphyritic textures: volcanic porphyry (left - olivine crystals in Hawaiian basalt) and intrusive porphyry (right) [SE] Exercises Exercise 3.4 Porphyritic Minerals Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. Some pumice is so full of vesicles that the density of the rock drops low enough that it will float. A) the rock's texture C. heat expansion of the chemical bonds causes them to break It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). As the temperature drops, and assuming that some silica remains in the magma, the olivine crystals will react (combine) with some of the silica in the magma to form pyroxene. They are typically more than 100 km2 in area, associated with subduction zones, and mostly felsic in composition. C. biotite and olivine A. peridotite light colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky) A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. Which type of magma is most likely to quench into a natural glass? C) rate of cooling Many volcanoes sit over magma chambers. Of the common silicate minerals, olivine normally crystallizes first, at between 1200 and 1300C. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity. Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centres (when cooled, they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). St. Helens volcano, and why? B. diorite 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas ____________ composition lava is erupted on continents. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston. Legal. B) Andesite F. lower silica, high iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture Igneous rocks contain information about how they originate. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? 2. C. the introduction of volatiles (e.g., water) A) Each vesicle was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid. 2. As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. E. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture If solid, obsidian. These volcanic mounds can grow into volcanic islands over millions of years of activity. Why do all magmas create dominantly silicate minerals upon cooling? What are the other two, smaller percentage components of most magmas? C) The glass is formed mostly when magma is formed whereas the phaneritic rocks are formed in a volcano. -Sediments are solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the weathering of rock and solid . seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. E) Both a. and c. Why? In some cases, individual plagioclase crystals can be zoned from calcium-rich in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. B. Andes mountains volcanoes A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. If vesicular, pummus geothermal gradient Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. A. high levels are necessary for melting of rocks c. Which mineral would you expect to see as a, Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. 1. B) highly fluid, cools slowly It can be found in the Andes Mountains and in some island arcs (see. dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky) C) Pegmatite Figure 4.1.1. B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths Who was Bowen, and what is a reaction series? D. ocean ridge volcanoes Mafic MagmaMafic magma has relatively low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher contents in iron and magnesium. C. Crystal settling may produce different melting conditions for a rock in different plate tectonic scenarios. If any melting takes place, crystal settling will make the magma at the bottom of the chamber more mafic than it was to begin with (Figure 3.3.6c). Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. 1. America. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. There are two reasons for this: one is that in the early analytical procedures, the results were always expressed that way, and the other is that all of these elements combine readily with oxygen to form oxides. It is poor in silica, in the 40% or less range. A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. Are plutons assembled over. Inflammation of the lymph vessels is known as________. D) Each vesicle is filled by air and water. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. D) If the magma has no crystals or gases within it, it is called "lava." The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. Match the igneous rock texture and its appropriate description. Lava eruptions can be fire fountains of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. Figure 3.3.2 shows a zoned plagioclase under a microscope. C. a non-crystalline rock, likely formed due to extreme rapid cooling of lava Xenoliths are rock fragments broken from the magma chamber or conduit walls. Book: An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "5.01:_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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