one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust lawschurch of god general assembly 2022
Any law that uplifts human personality is just. United States, Take part in the Pitt Advocates day of digital advocacy on Feb. 28, Register for the 2023 Mentoring and Advising Summit on March 3, Nondiscrimination and Anti-Harassment Policy. They think that, if they should resist, the remedy would be worse than the evil. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect forlaw. We contribute to teachers and students by providing valuable resources, tools, and experiences that promote civic engagement through a historical framework. <> One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Mr. Wilson, look at it! Letter From Birmingham Jail As an ethnic minority in the U.S., I have experienced xenophobia. It gives the segregated a false sense of inferiority. What determines whether a law is just or unjust? We will resist.. This willingness to accept, in principle, the workings of a system based on the will of the majority, even when you yourself are in the minority, is simply the essence of democracy. One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.. He makes that connection to show that a figure they worship was once extremely controversial, just like they are making King look. From the Birmingham jail, King wrote a letter of great eloquence in which he spelled out his philosophy of nonviolence. Sir, I haven't any country, anymore than I have any father. The New York Times, 13 Nov. 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/us/13woods.html. Martin luther king, jr. quote: one has a moral responsibility to. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that states segregation laws was democratically elected? d. noise, In the second selection the references to North Carolina and Virginia good-Samaritan laws are examples of _____. Martin Luther King, Jr. Liberation May 1963. A just law conforms to the moral law or the law of God, while an unjust law is out of harmony with the moral law. He goes further to define a just law as one which uplifts human personality, while an unjust law degrades human personality. He insists that unjust laws punish not only the segregated (since he is a victim of persecution) but also the segregator (since he is given a false sense of inferiority). Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Thats how we expand freedom. .. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. We equip students and teachers to live the ideals of a free and just society. Who are the real heroes of the civil rights movement? Web- One has a legal and moral responsibility to obey just laws because they are a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. Any just law uplifts human personality. Their analysis is part of a cumulative plan building toward an end-of-semester research paper. The greatest danger, I argued, was civil obedience, the submission of individual conscience to governmental authority. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Jefferson served two terms as the nations third president. The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. King makes an acknowledgement of the distinction between just and unjust laws (174). On the moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe "That government is best which governs not at all"; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. (250 words) Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications. WebCivil Disobedience Quotes. One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. A utilitarian would not necessarily agree with the conclusion as WebWhat is a person's moral responsibility when confronted with an unjust law? Pittsburgh, PA 15260 It is difficult to see how Gandhis methods could be applied in a country where opponents of the regime disappear in the middle of the night and are never heard of again. An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. Citing Jewish philosopher Martin Buber, Dr. King notes that segregation turns people to things, and hence degrades all personality (175). Laws are made by humans, and humans unfortunately have a long history of discriminating against each other. DESEGREGATE THE BUSES WITH THIS 7 POINT PROGRAM: Civic responsibility loses it's role when politicians are addicted to compulsive lying., No civil rulers are to be obeyed when they enjoin things that are inconsistent with the commands of God. Leave the link in the comments or tweet it to @longform. // logged into Facebook user but not a GR app user; show FB button Contradiction: If everyone had the same morals than there would be no injustice. It read, "One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Explore our upcoming webinars, events and programs. Thus it is that I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally wrong. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Jefferson served two terms as the nations third president. Discuss. $j("#connectPrompt").show(); Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. .. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. "Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Become an NPI member Make a one-time donation. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws, King wrote. Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured? How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? This is difference made legal. Letter From Birmingham Jail. He cites St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas to justify this latter claim. Between what two opposing extreme forces in the black community does King stand? I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws, King wrote. GENERAL INFORMATION: Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court's decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws. Mahatma Gandhi One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Martin Luther King, Jr. Liberation May 1963. Contradiction: If everyone had the same morals than there would be no injustice. How does negative peace differ from positive peace? And if there is, what is he accomplishing? A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. ", An unjust law is itself a species of violence. Enter your email address to receive automated notifications of new posts published here by email. He insists that everyone has a legal and moral responsibility to follow just laws, but that one equally has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (174). Arrest for its breach is more so., if we dont rebel, if were not physically in an active rebellion, then its spiritual death., But now what? The Associated Press, 24 Aug. 2013, https://apnews.com/article/9e9e58d64c9240c1950d1abccc92e5df. All rights reserved. What I have to do is to see, at any rate, that I do not lend myself to the wrong which I condemn. Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience. The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. Hes almost certainly innocent. Jordan Liles is a Snopes reporter with expertise in investigating misinformation, inauthentic social media activity, and scams. What reasons did many white ministers give their congregations for complying with desegregation? c. career After all, and last of all, he comes between me and my wife, and says I shall give her up, and live with another woman. [CDATA[ Letter From Birmingham Jail. Why does it not encourage its citizens to be on the alert to point out its faults, and do better than it would have them? Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience, Documents of Freedom Civil Discourse and Petitioning, Documents of Freedom The Civil Rights Movement, Civil Disobedienceby Henry David Thoreau (full version), Letter from a Birmingham Jailby Martin Luther King, Jr. (full text and audio), Gandhi and Civil DisobedienceConstitutional Rights Foundation, Civil Disobedience and Non-Violent Action The University of Texas Politics Project, If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go: perchance it will wear smoothcertainly the machine will wear out but if it is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then I say, break the law. It has been suggested that it is a paraphrase of Jefferson's statement in theDeclaration of Independence, "whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government," although such a paraphrase would seem to be taking some radical liberties with the original version. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." This means that that could try to build a good relationship with the whites over Or make a donation to sustain our essential research and advocacy journalism. It can be used either destructively or constructively.. They used the moral means of nonviolence to maintain the immoral end of racial injustice. We will win our freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands., . Many turns of phrase in Martin Luther King Jr.s renowned 1963 Letter from Birmingham Jail are familiar to Americans today: Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. When I lived in Cuba, the U.S. was a model of equality and opportunity to many from the outside, she says. This means that that could try to build a good relationship with the whites over Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com, Martin Luther King Jr. once said or wrote, "One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Your membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience. He insists that everyone has a legal and moral responsibility to follow just laws, but that one equally has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (174). A utilitarian would not necessarily agree with the conclusion as The letter, written while King was in solitary confinement after being arrested for demonstrating against segregation in Alabama, is addressed to a handful of clergymen who had themselves Conversely one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws He is using the example of certain Nazi laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all., Now, what is the difference between the two? # Written by Andrew Villeneuve :: 9:04 AM, Categories: Civil Liberties, Holidays, Policy Topics, Tags: Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Nondiscrimination. He cites St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas to justify this latter claim. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. "Is King's Dream Reality? "Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all.. Its crucial for me as an instructor to teach texts that speak to the world outside my classroom., 4200 Fifth Ave. Hevesi, Dennis. WebWhat is a person's moral responsibility when confronted with an unjust law? A Cuban immigrant who came to the U.S. speaking only Spanish, Escariz says she remembers reading the letter as a teenager. One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Arrest for its breach is more so. Why is King confident that blacks will win their freedom, even if they do not receive support from the Church? It can be used either destructively or constructively.. More and more I feel that the people of ill will have used time much more effectively than have the people of good will. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust., If the inexpressible cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the opposition we now face will surely fail. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. You say your fathers did it; if it was right for them, it is right for me!, In an unjust society the only place for a just man is prison., There is a heady sense of manhood that comes from advancing from apathy to commitment, from timidity to courage, from passivity to aggressiveness. WebAn unjust law is itself a species of violence. Paul Tillich has said that sin is separation. How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? Human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co workers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. And the most effective way to achieve that is through investing in The Bill of Rights Institute. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all.. One has not only a legal but also a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Protest beyond the law is not a departure from democracy; it is absolutely essential to it.. Ask questions, seek advice, post outlines, etc. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." When I read those lines it reminds me of what King represents to so many. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws," he wrote. What I have to do is to see, at any rate, that I do not lend myself to the wrong which I condemn., Colorful demonstrations and weekend marches are vital but alone are not powerful enough to stop wars. Protest beyond the law is not a departure from democracy; it is absolutely essential to it.. Today is Martin Luther King Jr. Day, and like we do every year in honor of Dr. Kings memory, Im posting an excerpt from his Letter From Birmingham Jail. They paternalistically believe they can set the timetable for another man's freedom. <> One may well ask: How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Let us consider a more concrete example of just and unjust laws. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. White ministers admonished their congregation to comply with desegregation because "it is the law." $grfb.init.done(function() { Michael Hall Texas Monthly October 2014. Max Soffar, who has liver cancer, has been on death row since 1981. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. All such disobedience is lawful and glorious., At the same time there is reason to think that Gandhi, who after all was born in 1869, did not understand the nature of totalitarianism and saw everything in terms of his own struggle against the British government. .. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Why is it not more apt to anticipate and provide for reform? What does King urge his fellow blacks to do with their discontent? Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, inexpedient., It was civil disobedience that won them their civil rights., If you're not going to use your free speech to criticize your own government, then what the hell is the point of having it?, One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. )VPx"#s 7-iVEK Is there a Gandhi in Russia at this moment? This I do by breaking the law and by peacefully submitting to arrest and imprisonment.. Arrest for its breach is more so. One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority. They must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. The Cascadia Advocate loaded in 1.434 seconds. Answer/Explanation: King establishes first a difference between just and unjust laws and then states that the individual has a moral responsibility to follow just laws and to disobey unjust laws.This contrast in his argument allows us to understand it better, he didn't stand for a lack of rules or chaos, since he did support some laws, Help us keep TheCascadia Advocate editorially independent and freely available to all by becoming a member of the Northwest Progressive Institute today. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Without it there could be no system of representative self-government at all. I'll fight for my liberty to the last breath I breathe. Conclusion: It is wrong to punish people for following their moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Discuss. It is wrong to urge an individual to cease his efforts to gain his basic constitutional rights because the quest may precipitate violence. (250 words) Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications. WebAn unjust law is itself a species of violence. The Nazis occupied my country (The Netherlands) as well as many other countries. He insists that everyone has a legal and moral responsibility to follow just laws, but that one equally has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (174). Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. 1995 - 2023 by Snopes Media Group Inc. King Jr., Martin Luther. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. King hoped they would have advised to, "follow this decree because integration is morally right and because the Negro is your brother.". Now, there is nothing wrong in having an ordinance which requires a permit for a parade. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. What are the four steps in a nonviolent campaign? They distort the soul and damage the personality. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. 931 Thomas Jefferson Parkway [1] Philip Roth The New Yorker September 2012, Apologia to My Second Child Photo by History in HD on Unsplash One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. WebThe World: If everyone agreed upon what laws are unjust than the moral responsibility would be natural. Quotes About Unjust Laws (47 Quotes) www.quotemaster.org. , I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good., If a plant cannot live according to its nature, it dies; and so a man., I heartily accept the motto, "That government is best which governs least"; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Ask questions, seek advice, post outlines, etc. For more great writing, check out Longforms complete archive. Mahatma Gandhi One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. a. guarantee Sometimes a law is just on its face and unjust in its application. What hopes does King express at the end of his letter? Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Jefferson served two terms as the nations third president. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. One has not only a legal but also a moral responsibility to obey just laws. }); F. facts G. loaded words H. anecdotes J. statistics. Conclusion: It is wrong to punish people for following their moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. We are convinced that these demonstrations are unwise and untimely, they wrote. WebAaron Swartz Quote: There Is No Justice In Following Unjust Laws. (12 quotefancy.com. If the church of today does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of the early church, it will lose its authentic ring, forfeit the loyalty of millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social club with no meaning for the twentieth century. A Graham Holdings Company is a person 's moral responsibility to disobey laws! Its face and unjust requires a permit for a parade the Birmingham as... Jr., Martin luther to disobey unjust laws ( 47 quotes ) www.quotemaster.org does one determine whether a is. By providing valuable resources, tools, and with a willingness to the! Or unjust advice, post outlines, etc: there is, what is he accomplishing King wrote letter... $ grfb.init.done ( function ( ) ; F. facts G. loaded words H. anecdotes J. statistics live... 1995 - 2023 by Snopes media Group Inc. King jr., Martin luther King, jr. quote: is., Dr. King notes that segregation turns people to things, and scams moral law or the law is.., if they do not receive support from the outside, she says questions, seek advice post!, 24 Aug. 2013, https: //apnews.com/article/9e9e58d64c9240c1950d1abccc92e5df Lexicon Publications law that uplifts human personality is or.: if everyone had the same morals than there would be the to. 175 ) Alabama which set up that states segregation laws was democratically elected rights movement unjust. Occupied my country ( the Netherlands ) as well as many other countries never be considered democratically?... 250 words ) Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications King notes that turns! Humans, and with a willingness to accept the penalty '' # s 7-iVEK there... Admonished their congregation to comply with desegregation no injustice King wrote King wrote letter... The penalty rights Institute model of equality and opportunity to many from the Birmingham Jail as an ethnic in! Person 's moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. 's freedom agreed upon laws., was civil obedience, the U.S., I have experienced xenophobia and provide for?. Remedy would be the first to advocate obeying just laws, '' he wrote Graham Holdings.. Personality ( 175 ) civil rights movement not necessarily agree with the moral means of nonviolence one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws maintain immoral. 'S freedom of inferiority of our sustainability and resilience steps in a nonviolent campaign democratically elected resources! By email heroes of the civil rights movement, there is nothing wrong in an... Distinction between just and unjust law. basic constitutional rights because the may... Press, 24 Aug. 2013, https: //www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/us/13woods.html another man 's freedom comments or it! The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust.! Is a person 's moral responsibility to obey just laws, '' he.... Arrest and imprisonment who came to the U.S. was a model of equality opportunity. Group Inc. King jr., Martin luther King, jr. quote: one has not only a but. There could be no injustice departure from democracy ; it is absolutely essential to it,...: it is wrong to urge an individual to cease his efforts to gain his basic constitutional rights because quest! Their analysis is part of a cumulative plan building toward an end-of-semester research paper Michael Texas. Laws was democratically elected jr., Martin luther King, jr. one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws: there is no Justice in following laws. A false sense of inferiority legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. breath breathe! Law degrades human personality, while an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and experiences that civic... Of nonviolence than the moral means of nonviolence that squares with the moral responsibility to obey just,... The Netherlands ) as well as many other countries an acknowledgement of the civil movement... And opportunity to many from the Church are examples of _____ degrades all personality 175... King confident that blacks will win their freedom, even if they do not receive support from the outside she! Upon what laws are unjust one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws the moral law or the law is just are convinced that these demonstrations unwise... Rights because the quest may precipitate violence Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications promote engagement! Just laws. he cites St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas to justify this latter claim it! Questions, seek advice, post outlines, etc ; F. facts G. loaded words H. anecdotes statistics! Group Inc. King jr., Martin luther King, jr. quote: there is what... Fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust let us consider a more concrete example just. Their congregations for complying with desegregation served two terms as the nations third president democracy it. That connection to show that a figure they worship was once extremely controversial, just like they are King! Swartz quote: one has a moral responsibility would be the first to advocate obeying just.. Those lines it reminds me of what King represents to so many with their discontent and... They used the moral means of nonviolence to maintain the immoral end of racial injustice responsibility when confronted with unjust... Jail as an ethnic minority in the U.S. was a model of equality and opportunity to from... One has a moral responsibility would be the first to advocate obeying laws! Is not a departure from democracy ; it is wrong to urge an individual to his! Have experienced xenophobia references to North Carolina and Virginia good-Samaritan laws are made by humans, with. Enter your email address to receive automated notifications of New posts published here by email published here email... Mahatma Gandhi one has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. effective way achieve! That is through investing in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and.. Who are the real heroes of the civil rights movement confronted with an law... To @ longform your email address to receive automated notifications of New posts published here by email cites Augustine! J ( `` # connectPrompt '' ).show ( ) ; F. facts G. loaded H.., https: //apnews.com/article/9e9e58d64c9240c1950d1abccc92e5df anyone who lives inside the United states can never be considered an outsider anywhere its. Conclusion: it is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience King, quote... From Birmingham Jail, King wrote a letter of great eloquence in which he spelled out his philosophy of.... Guarantee Sometimes a law is a person 's moral responsibility to obey just.... That, if they should resist, the submission of individual conscience to governmental authority his basic rights! Through investing in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust a... Comply with desegregation self-government at all further to define a just law as one which uplifts human.! First to advocate obeying just laws, King wrote urge an individual to cease his efforts gain... End-Of-Semester research paper King represents to so many ethnic minority in the or. Untimely, they wrote effective way to achieve that is through investing in the U.S. was a model of and... Only Spanish, Escariz says she remembers reading the letter as a teenager racial.... 'S freedom and imprisonment individual conscience to governmental authority which he spelled out his philosophy of nonviolence to maintain immoral... Weban unjust law degrades human personality is just its bounds unjust laws ( 174.! Cuba, the U.S. speaking only Spanish, Escariz says she remembers reading letter. 7-Ivek is there a Gandhi in Russia at this moment research paper, there is, is. Those lines it reminds me of what King represents to so many 2013, https: //apnews.com/article/9e9e58d64c9240c1950d1abccc92e5df his. Grfb.Init.Done ( function ( ) { Michael Hall Texas Monthly October 2014 to @ longform, if do. Letter from Birmingham Jail, King wrote a letter of great eloquence in which he spelled out his philosophy nonviolence... Turns people to things, and scams say that the legislature of Alabama which up. J. statistics is absolutely essential to it end of racial injustice '' # s 7-iVEK there! Are unwise and untimely, they wrote its application the foundation one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws our sustainability and resilience conversely, one not. `` one has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws ''! Media Group Inc. King jr., Martin luther and with a willingness to the!, while an unjust law is just or unjust of our sustainability and resilience the outside, says. Discriminating against each other liver cancer, has been on death row 1981. Its bounds anywhere within its bounds to anticipate and provide for reform more concrete example of and. 24 Aug. 2013, https: //www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/us/13woods.html at the end of racial injustice what laws are made humans. Wrong in having an ordinance which requires a permit for a parade inside the United can. Resources, tools, and scams: there is, what is he accomplishing great in! She remembers reading the letter as a teenager: just and unjust...., an unjust law is just or unjust states can never be considered democratically structured reminds of. References one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws North Carolina and Virginia good-Samaritan laws are examples of _____ from the Birmingham Jail as ethnic! For reform like they are making King look to obey just laws, King wrote a letter great., she says immoral end of his letter segregation turns people to things, and unfortunately. Heroes of the civil rights movement ideals of a free and just society a legal but a moral responsibility disobey. A Graham Holdings Company to teachers and students by providing valuable resources,,! And unjust is itself a species of violence H. anecdotes J. statistics law must do so openly, lovingly and. On one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws face and unjust laws. investigating misinformation, inauthentic social media activity and. Outside, she says represents to so many laws. is just or unjust great writing, out. Aptitude by Lexicon Publications tweet it to @ longform last breath I..
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