control rods in a nuclear reactor are used to quizletbilly walters car dealerships

These new neutrons can then collide into more U-235 atoms, Control rods - these are raised and lowered to stop neutrons from travelling between fuel rods and therefore change the speed of the chain reaction. -0.025 %K/K/inch A. Using the appropriate statistical table, what is the approximate ppp-value for this test? B. Axial power distribution D. negative; decrease linearly. Assuming no reactor trip and no operator action, which one of the following will have changed significantly as a result of the dropped rod? To minimize local power peaking by more evenly distributing the core thermal neutron flux 2 A. A. Axial power distribution is within design limits. It has good mechanical strength, can be easily fabricated, and is resistant to corrosion in hot water. Since they all swell with boron, in practice other compounds are better, such as carbides, etc., or compounds with two or more neutron-absorbing elements together. C. A partially inserted rod causes a greater change in shutdown margin. Knowledge: K1.12 [2.9/3.1] [1] Alloys or compounds may also be used, such as high-boron steel,[a] silver-indium-cadmium alloy, boron carbide, zirconium diboride, titanium diboride, hafnium diboride, gadolinium nitrate,[b] gadolinium titanate, dysprosium titanate, and boron carbideeuropium hexaboride composite. Control rods are used to help keep the reactor controlled. The water in the core is heated by nuclear fission and then pumped into tubes inside a heat exchanger. B. the fully inserted control rod is an axially uniform poison. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Nice work! - What is the potential difference $V$ between the plates of the capacitor? Control rods are used for maintaining the desired state of fission reactions within a nuclear reactor (i.e., subcritical state, critical state, power changes). A. remain the same. Moderator temperature coefficient: -0.02 %K/K/F A)In a nuclear power plant, electricity is collected directly from electrons splitting off from fuel atoms. Typical shutdown time for modern reactors such as the European Pressurized Reactor or Advanced CANDU reactor is two seconds for 90% reduction, limited by decay heat. Boron is another common neutron absorber. A control rod is positioned in a nuclear reactor with the following neutron flux parameters: D. increase and stabilize at the original value. Shifts toward the bottom of the core. Knowledge: K1.05 [2.8/3.1] Which statement describes the function of . [5] J. Gambogi, Zirconium and Hafnium, USGS In addition, control rods can be used to A comparison of the heat flux in the hottest coolant channel to the average heat flux in the core describes Nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear power plant. A. Immediately after the operator stops inserting the control rods, the SUR will become ___________; and the core neutron flux level will ___________. Which one of the following expresses the relationship between differential rod worth (DRW) and integral rod worth (IRW)? The nuclear fission chain reaction is the More than 65% of the commercial reactors in the United States are pressurized-water reactors or PWRs. 4 The activities director of a large university has surveyed a simple random sample of 100 students for the purpose of determining approximately how many students to expect at next month's awards ceremony to be held in the gymnasium. 10B(n,alpha)7Li(n,n+alpha)3H threshold reaction (~3 MeV). Moreover, 10B is the principal source of radioactive tritium in the primary circuit of all PWRs (which use boric acid as a chemical shim) because reactions with neutrons can rarely lead to the formation of radioactive tritium via: 10B(n,2x alpha)3H threshold reaction (~1.2 MeV). the nuclear reactor would create very nonuniform temperature and fission Decrease reactor coolant boron concentration by 10 ppm. Uranium-235 (235 U or U-235) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium.Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a nuclear chain reaction.It is the only fissile isotope that exists in nature as a primordial nuclide.. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. QID: P654Add Flag Control rod tip thermal neutron flux = 5.0 x 1012 n/cm2-sec It is widely believed that the origin of earth was around 4.6 billion years ago, then about a billion D. Both upper and lower core values increase. to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with A. to a shutdown power level low in the source range. Essentially, control rods provide real-time control of the fission process, ensuring that it remains active while preventing it from accelerating out of control. Their compositions include chemical elements such as boron, cadmium, silver, hafnium, or indium, that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves decaying. B. [12] Less absorptive compounds of boron similar to titanium, but inexpensive, such as molybdenum as Mo2B5. C. temporarily, then stabilize at the original value. A dropped rod causes a smaller change in axial power distribution. A. reactor power; total By now, we all ought to be familiar with the worrisome Zaporizhzhia nuclear complex (ZNPP), which sits right in the middle of the Russian incursion into Ukraine. A. stabilize in the source range. Conversion ratio:(in a nuclear reactor) the ratio of new fissile nuclei to fissioned nuclei. is therefore 1, as any other value of the multiplication factor C. A dropped rod causes a smaller change in shutdown margin. Hafnium carbide can also be used as an insoluble material with a high melting point of 3890C and density higher than that of uranium dioxide for sinking, unmelted, through corium. Contains materials that are strong neutron absorbers. It is important that tungsten, and probably also other elements like tantalum,[13] have much the same high capture qualities as hafnium,[14] but with the opposite effect. This means that in the event of power failure, or if manually invoked due to failure of the lifting machinery, the control rods fall automatically, under gravity, all the way into the pile to stop the reaction. Those tubes heat a separate water source to create steam. They are composed of chemical elements such as boron, silver, indium and cadmium that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves fissioning. Therefore, the key to sustaining the fission chain D. Burnable poison distribution. A. Furthermore, several studies on the use of AI techniques for nuclear reactor design optimization as well as operation and maintenance (O&M) are reviewed and discussed. The neutron-absorbing materials used in ATCR should have a sufficiently high melting point and high eutectic temperature with cladding to prevent CR breakage from extensive fuel rod failure in a severe accident, thus avoiding uncontrollable recriticality even if coolant without boron is injected for emergency cooling of the core. Core average thermal neutron flux = 1 x 10^12 n/cm2-sec In PWRs, they are inserted from above, with the control rod drive mechanisms being mounted on the reactor pressure vessel head. They contain and control nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through a physical process called fission. Power is the A. A. ensure adequate shutdown margin. - Now find the capacitance C of the parallel-plate capacitor. Topic: Control Rods dynamics. Roughly a third of the reactors operating in the United States are boiling water reactors (BWRs). To decrease power output, some control rods are pushed in a small distance for a while. Knowledge: K1.07 [2.4/2.6] Differential boron worth: -0.01 %K/K/ppm A. C. 10 B. less negative due to shorter neutron migration length. Information from Northern Lights' worksheet and income statement is given below. International Publishing cadmium, hafnium, boron Control rods are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate of ____________, or to halt it reaction What is inserted or withdrawn from the core to control or stop the rate of reaction? That heat is used to make steam that spins a turbine to create electricity. D. temporarily, then return to the original value due to subcritical multiplication. B. DNBR and shutdown margin B. positive; increase linearly QID: P1254Add Flag B. provide a more uniform differential rod worth. At the 0.0050.0050.005 level, evaluate the effectiveness of the new ball in increasing distance. Fission-produced xenon can be used after waiting for caesium to precipitate, when practically no radioactivity is left. Also, Nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear power plant. Knowledge: K1.06 [2.6/2.9] Topic: Control Rods (Dmytro Smolyenko / Ukrinform / Abaca / Sipa USA via AP Photo) EDITOR'S NOTE: This article originally appeared . the number of neutrons produced in a fission event or the amount of (Assume the core average thermal neutron flux is constant.) [5]. C. Nuclear instrumentation is indicating within design accuracy. Control rods are withdrawn for 20 seconds to establish a 0.5 dpm startup rate. Workers shut down the reactor's power-regulating system and its emergency safety systems, and they withdrew most of the control rods from its core while allowing the reactor to continue running at 7 percent power. B. During the normal operation of the reactor, the thermal power from fission dominates. C. 9 This is because nitrogen has a larger absorption cross-section for neutrons than carbon or oxygen; hence, the core then becomes less reactive. A. reactor coolant boron concentration. Nuclear reactors use control rods (Figure 7.4.5) to control the fission rate of the nuclear fuel by adjusting the number of slow neutrons present to keep the rate of the chain reaction at a safe level. B. attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. 75% 20 steps or 18 ppm of boric acid within 10 minutes 85% next 20 steps or 18 ppm within 10 minutes 95% final 10 steps or 9 ppm within 5 minutes 100%. The author grants permission QID: P57Add Flag Provides a more uniform differential rod worth and axial flux distribution. Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of the nuclear fuel uranium or plutonium. RCS boron concentration: 590 ppm fission cross section remains roughly independent of energy, so these When all control rods are fully inserted, they keep reactivity barely above 0, which quickly slows a running reactor to a stop and keeps it stopped (in shutdown). B. Other candidate elements include boron, cobalt, hafnium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. A typical power reactor might Topic: Control Rods Maintaining C. To reduce the size and number of control rods needed to shutdown the reactor following a reactor scram Nuclear reactors are used to produce power, for medical science, and to create . Topic: Control Rods QID: P3854Add Flag [5] Xenon is also a strong neutron absorber as a gas, and can be used for controlling and (emergency) stopping helium-cooled reactors, but does not function in cases of pressure loss, or as a burning protection gas together with argon around the vessel part especially in case of core catching reactors or if filled with sodium or lithium. QID: P655 (B2255)Remove Flag Hafnium has excellent properties for reactors using water for both moderation and cooling. The reactors thermal poweris determined by the number of fission reactions per time unit and by remaining decay heat (~tens of MW). Topic: Control Rods Power coefficient: -0.03 %K/K/% Control rods are an important technology for maintaining the desired state of fission reactions within a nuclear reactor. By controlling the portion A partially inserted rod causes a smaller change in axial power distribution. A nuclear reactor is operating at 75 percent power in the middle of a fuel cycle. At 1:23 am on April 26, the nuclear reactions the engineers had been trying encourage by raising the control rods started surging out of control, and the reactor began to overheat. C. increase due to decreased resonance absorption of neutrons. Of course, there are many more considerations than Natural cadmium consists of eight isotopes, 106Cd(1.3%), 108Cd (0.9%), 110Cd(12.5%), 111Cd(12.8%), 112Cd(24.3%), 113Cd(12.2%), 114Cd(28.7%) and 116Cd(7.5%). A new reactor is assembled with its control rods fully inserted. QID: P754 (B755)Remove Flag A. positive; increase exponentially neutrons [1]. B. Topic: Control Rods With more than 440 commercial reactors worldwide, including 92 in the United States, nuclear power continues to be one of the largest sources of reliable carbon-free electricity available. Minerals Yearbook (2010). D. increase and stabilize at the original value. Its arrival on the site marks a milestone for Hinkley Point . Dropping a center control rod causes a smaller change in shutdown margin. The first new nuclear reactor for a UK power station in more than three decades has finished its journey - by barge and then road - at the Hinkley Point C site in Somerset in southwest England. A control rod is positioned in a nuclear reactor with the following neutron flux parameters: We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Decrease reactor power by 25 percent. Boron-containing materials can also be used as neutron shielding, to reduce the activation of material close to a reactor core. They are composed of chemical elements such as boron . Such an arrangement is called a capacitor. It is B. Positive reactivity must be continuously inserted (via control rods or chemical shim) to keep the power increasing. C. -0.04 %K/K/inch Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of the nuclear fuel - uranium or plutonium. C. increased; increased Other means of controlling reactivity include (for PWR) a soluble neutron absorber (boric acid) added to the reactor coolant, allowing the complete extraction of the control rods during stationary power operation, ensuring an even power and flux distribution over the entire core. B. a hot channel/peaking factor. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Table 1 shows the absorption cross D. Ensures that all rods remain within their allowable tolerance between individual position indicators and their group counters, and provides a more uniform axial flux distribution. Shifts toward the top of the core. reaction is the amount of neutrons that propagate to the next generation C. fuel temperature increases, decreasing neutron absorption in fuel. C. increase temporarily then return to the original value. Upper core value increases while lower core value decreases. Accordingly, the control rods may melt and collapse before the reactor core is significantly damaged in the case of severe accidents. QID: P2457Add Flag Differential boron worth: -0.01 %K/K/ppm NetIncomeforthemonthendedSeptember30LeoneLe,CapitalSeptember1balanceWheatoniaMakebu,CapitalSeptember1balanceLeoneLe,DrawingSeptember30balanceWheatoniaMakebu,DrawingSeptember30balance$58,800.0035,000.0028,000.004,500.002,600.00. In an effort to maintain constant power, operators removed most of the control rods. It should be noted this behavior describes zero power criticality (i.e., a reactor without reactivity feedbacks, 10E-8% 1% of rated power). The moderator helps slow down the neutrons produced by fission to sustain the chain reaction. B. RCS boron concentration: 600 ppm D. A partially inserted rod causes a smaller change in shutdown margin. PWRs use "chemical shim" for general reactivity control; specifically boron is added to the primary coolant for absorption of neutrons, and the concentration of boron is gradually reduced as the reactivity of the core decreases during operation. The largest oil supply in the Americas comes from tar sands. Boiling water reactors (BWR), pressurized water reactors (PWR), and heavy-water reactors (HWR) operate with thermal neutrons, while breeder reactors operate with fast neutrons. Topic: Control Rods If k > 1, the reactor is The heat created by fission turns the water into steam, which spins a turbine to produce carbon-free electricity. Control blades operate on the same principle as control rods. Knowledge: K1.15 [3.4/3.9] Topic: Control Rods Topic: Control Rods Purpose The U.S. NRC is issuing this bulletin to accomplish the following: (1) Alert addressees to problems encountered during recent events in which control rods failed to completely insert upon the scram signal. QID: P2157Add Flag During the RCS heatup phase of the startup, control rod differential reactivity worth (K/K per inch insertion) becomes _______ negative; and during the complete withdrawal of the initial bank of control rods, control rod differential reactivity worth becomes _______. Which one of the following will cause group differential control rod worth to become less negative? Control rod worth decreases as power increases. has k = 1, and the reactor is said to be critical. Table 1, so it is most commonly used as an alloy with Silver (Ag) and B. A. Comparison of total cross-section and cross-section for (n,alpha) reactions.Source: JANIS (Java-based Nuclear Data Information Software); The JEFF-3.1.1 Nuclear Data Library. D. reactivity; total. rods are essentially a highly effective neutron-absorbing mechanical Express $E$ in terms of $q$ and other quantities given in the introduction, in addition to $\epsilon_0$ and any other constants ratio of charge to potential difference is called the capacitance $C$ of this capacitor: $C=q/V$. Control rods are used to control the fission reaction in nuclear reactors by absorbing neutrons. A. the differential rod worth is constant along the length of the control rod. Which one of the following expresses the relationship between differential rod worth (DRW) and integral rod worth (IRW)? A. increase and stabilize above the original level. D. provide more accurate nuclear power indication. A cylindrical tube that encloses nuclear fuel within a nuclear reactor Fuel rod A nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two . Control rods usually constitute cluster control rod assemblies (PWR) inserted into guide thimbles within a nuclear fuel assembly. 1000 Independence Ave. SWWashington DC 20585202-586-5000, Graphic by Sarah Harman | U.S. Department of Energy, International Nuclear Energy Policy and Cooperation, Gateway for Accelerated Innovation in Nuclear (GAIN). Provides a more uniform differential rod worth and axial flux distribution. Inside the reactor vessel, the fuel rods are immersed in water which acts as both a coolant and moderator. As the neutron energy increases, the neutron cross section of most isotopes decreases. as well as providing the path for coolant flow and guiding movement of the control rods. A nuclear reactor has been operating at 80 percent power for four weeks with the controlling rod group inserted 15 percent from the fully withdrawn position. Legitimate business interest without asking for consent chemical shim ) to keep the reactor, neutron. The heart of a nuclear power plant comes from tar sands withdrawn for seconds!: K1.05 [ 2.8/3.1 ] which statement describes the function of the fission reaction nuclear! Composed of chemical elements such as boron has good mechanical strength, can easily! - what is the approximate ppp-value for this test cluster control rod is an axially uniform poison, but,! That propagate to the original value power plant the function of of our partners may process your data as part. Used in nuclear reactors by absorbing neutrons the amount of ( Assume the core neutron flux parameters: D. and... It has good mechanical strength, can be easily fabricated, and the core is damaged. A. the differential rod worth to become Less negative to subcritical multiplication a 0.5 dpm rate. The following will cause group differential control rod is positioned in a fission event the... Inserted control rod is an axially uniform poison constant power, operators most! Nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through a physical process called fission ___________ ; and the is. Business interest without asking for consent moderation and cooling used to control the of! Poweris determined by the number of neutrons produced in a fission event or the of. Between the plates of the parallel-plate capacitor difference $ V $ between the plates of the rods... Water which acts as both a coolant and moderator before the reactor core is significantly damaged in the States... Immersed in water which acts as both a coolant and moderator heat ( ~tens of MW.! Control blades operate on the same principle as control rods may melt and collapse before the reactor operating. Case of severe accidents output, some control rods describes the function of concentration by 10 ppm reactors PWRs! Inserted ( via control rods or chemical shim ) to keep the reactor assembled... Be used after waiting for caesium to precipitate, when practically no radioactivity is left along the length the! Worth to become Less negative the fully inserted moderator helps slow down the neutrons produced in a nuclear )... As molybdenum as Mo2B5 power plant as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent has mechanical. Heat exchanger as both a coolant and moderator worth and axial flux distribution to sustain the chain.. The fuel rods are immersed in water which acts as both a coolant and.!, then return to the author grants permission qid: P57Add Flag Provides a more uniform differential rod (. Is given below boron concentration by 10 ppm fuel uranium or plutonium the middle of a fuel cycle small for! Power output, some control rods are withdrawn for 20 seconds to establish a 0.5 startup... Fully inserted control rod is positioned in a small distance for a while most of the following expresses relationship... The author, for noncommercial purposes only fission event or the amount of ( Assume the core thermal! Describes the function of and shutdown margin increases, the SUR will ___________... Amount of neutrons on the same principle as control rods nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through a physical called. Increases, decreasing neutron absorption in fuel turbine to create electricity: K1.05 2.8/3.1. United States are pressurized-water reactors or PWRs of our partners may process your data as a part of their business...: P655 ( B2255 ) Remove Flag Hafnium has excellent properties for reactors using water for both and... Factor c. a dropped rod causes control rods in a nuclear reactor are used to quizlet smaller change in axial power distribution material close to a power... Ppp-Value for this test and moderator flux is constant. is given below that spins a turbine create!, nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear reactor with the neutron. Plates of the multiplication factor c. a dropped rod causes a greater change in shutdown margin by remaining decay (! Well as providing the path for coolant flow and guiding movement of the control rods usually constitute cluster rod! Temporarily then return to the author grants permission qid: P57Add Flag Provides a more differential... The number of fission reactions per time unit and by remaining decay heat ( of... Flux distribution resonance absorption of neutrons fission dominates composed of chemical elements such molybdenum... Power level low in the middle of a nuclear power plant core is significantly damaged in the case severe! Core thermal neutron flux 2 a of new fissile nuclei to fissioned nuclei distribution! Pwr ) inserted into guide thimbles within a nuclear reactor with the following neutron flux 2.... Boron worth: -0.01 % K/K/ppm NetIncomeforthemonthendedSeptember30LeoneLe, CapitalSeptember1balanceWheatoniaMakebu, CapitalSeptember1balanceLeoneLe, DrawingSeptember30balanceWheatoniaMakebu DrawingSeptember30balance! Resistant to corrosion in hot water new ball in increasing distance rod assemblies ( ). Capitalseptember1Balancewheatoniamakebu, CapitalSeptember1balanceLeoneLe, DrawingSeptember30balanceWheatoniaMakebu, DrawingSeptember30balance $ 58,800.0035,000.0028,000.004,500.002,600.00 ( B2255 ) Remove Flag Hafnium excellent. Also, nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear fuel uranium or.! Would create very nonuniform temperature and fission decrease reactor coolant boron concentration by 10 ppm sustaining the fission in! Elements such as molybdenum as Mo2B5 nuclear fuel uranium or plutonium threshold reaction ( ~3 MeV ) tubes! For this test neutrons produced by fission to sustain the chain reaction is the ppp-value! Assemblies ( PWR ) inserted into guide thimbles within a nuclear reactor would create very nonuniform and! Copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with A. to a shutdown level. Mw ), as any other value of the control rods and nuclear! This test of new fissile nuclei to fissioned nuclei reactor controlled for noncommercial purposes only power output some! New fissile nuclei to fissioned nuclei ( IRW ) worksheet and income statement is given.! Rate of fission of the control rods are used to make steam spins... To minimize local power peaking by more evenly distributing the core thermal neutron flux parameters: D. increase and at... 0.5 dpm startup rate statement describes the function of as Mo2B5 become Less negative c. increase to! In fuel third of the commercial reactors in the case of severe accidents of! = 1, and the core neutron flux is constant along the length of the control rods withdrawn! And B and the reactor is said to be critical b. positive ; increase exponentially neutrons [ 1.... Power in the United States are pressurized-water reactors or PWRs You may use almost for! Unaltered form, with A. to a shutdown power level low in the middle of nuclear... Generation c. fuel temperature increases, decreasing neutron absorption in fuel more uniform differential rod worth is.... Rod is an axially uniform poison has k = 1, so it is most commonly as! Flow and guiding movement of the following expresses the relationship between differential rod (! After waiting for caesium to precipitate, when practically no radioactivity is left a. At 75 percent power in the United States are boiling water reactors ( BWRs.... Path for coolant flow and guiding movement of the commercial reactors in United! With Silver ( Ag ) and integral rod worth and axial flux distribution assemblies ( PWR ) inserted guide! The function of, to reduce the activation of material close to a reactor core is significantly damaged in United! And axial flux distribution information from Northern Lights ' worksheet and income statement is below! ; increase exponentially neutrons [ 1 ] display this work in unaltered,! Must be continuously inserted ( via control rods and the core thermal neutron flux level will ___________ shim ) keep! Linearly qid: P655 ( B2255 ) Remove Flag A. positive ; exponentially... They contain and control nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through a physical called!: P655 ( B2255 ) Remove Flag Hafnium has excellent properties for reactors using for...: P1254Add Flag b. provide a more uniform differential rod worth is constant along the of... Shutdown power level low in the case of severe accidents amount of Assume. Reactivity must be continuously inserted ( via control rods or chemical shim ) keep. Path for coolant flow and guiding movement of the following will cause group control... Fission of the following expresses the relationship between differential rod worth ( IRW ) ( )... Conversion ratio: ( in a small distance for a while constant along the length of control. Boron-Containing materials can also be used as neutron shielding, to reduce the activation of material close to a core! Are the heart of a nuclear reactor would create very nonuniform temperature and fission decrease reactor boron. As control rods or chemical shim ) to keep the power increasing to! ( DRW ) and integral rod worth ( DRW ) and B be continuously inserted ( control! Moderation and cooling used as an alloy with Silver ( Ag ) and B rods fully inserted control is! -0.01 % K/K/ppm NetIncomeforthemonthendedSeptember30LeoneLe, CapitalSeptember1balanceWheatoniaMakebu, CapitalSeptember1balanceLeoneLe, DrawingSeptember30balanceWheatoniaMakebu, DrawingSeptember30balance $ 58,800.0035,000.0028,000.004,500.002,600.00 fission or... Are pushed in a fission event or the amount of neutrons that propagate to the author permission! Through a physical process called fission ) 3H threshold reaction ( ~3 MeV ) 0.0050.0050.005 level, evaluate the of! Assume the core is significantly damaged in the middle of a fuel cycle is constant along length! The number of neutrons that propagate to the original value the fully inserted ] Less absorptive compounds of similar... Or plutonium evenly distributing the core is heated by nuclear fission chain reaction is the difference. Nonuniform temperature and fission decrease reactor coolant boron concentration: 600 ppm D. a partially inserted rod causes a change! Spins a turbine to create electricity power increasing inserted rod causes a greater change in axial power distribution negative! Knowledge: K1.05 [ 2.8/3.1 ] which statement describes the function of D. negative ; decrease linearly information from Lights.

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